Early Warning System

Use of Automatic Weather Stations

Automatic Weather Station (AWS) - a compact equipment powered by storage battery and solar cells, which are more accurate and dependable instruments for collecting climatic data. The AWS is capable of collecting nine (9) weather parameters. This instrument is equipped with data storage system; thus, data downloading can be done on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. The frequency of data collection can also be programmed according to the needs and use of such information. Moreover, a telemetry system could be connected to the AWS so that data can be remotely accessed through mobile SMS or other form of messages in real time. (Lapitan et al., 2017)

Climate Adaptation Effectiveness

Seasonal climate forecasts are a potential tool that can assist individuals and organizations in coping and adapting to variable climate conditions. AWS has been used by many countries such as Canada, the USA, Germany, Sweden, and Norway while rationalization has been conducted in India to improve the networks of AWS which helps in accurately forecasting flooding incidences (Ghosh et al., 2021).

Climate Hazards

  • Drought
  • Extreme Rainfall
  • Onset of Rainy Season
  • Rain-Induced Flooding
  • Tropical Cyclone

Locations

  • Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat, Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
  • Bagumbayan, Sultan Kudarat, Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
  • Alamada, Cotabato, Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
  • Pigcawayan, Cotabato, Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
  • Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, Region XIII (Caraga Region)

Adaptation Sectors

  • Agriculture

CCET Instuments

  • Action Delivery

Target Group based on Vulnerability

Basic Sectors:
  • Farmers and Landless Rural Workers

Evaluations

Economic / Financial Effectiveness
Mid

Based on the survey of Lapitan et al., (2017), majority of the locations with AWS are regularly cleaned by the operators. This entails some maintenance cost. Economic loss due to the impacts of climate change are lessened since farmers can anticipate for weather changes.

Technical Feasibility
Mid

Automated Weather Stations (AWS) must be installed in the LGUs. PAGASA has provided technical assistance for the installation, training, and use of the AWS within the LGUs. Local Climate Information Centres (LCICs) were set-up and operational in the case study municipalities. The municipal LCICs recorded temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and other meteorological observations twice a day. Location-specific metrological information was processed by the LGU and PAGASA that was adjusted for local farming conditions. Weather forecasts and advisory bulletins were broadcasted daily via local radio stations, cable, and satellite television that provided farmers with real-time advice on local weather, farming activities, and disaster preparedness. (Chandra et al., 2017, p.222) According to Nota, et al. (2012),site selection for the installation of AWS is very critical, hence, general site criteria was developed. PAGASA provided the following criteria for AWS location:  Site is fairly level and free from obstruction  Site has a grass cover and no tall weeds  Site is not concrete, asphalt or crushed stone  Obstruction such as trees, buildings and nearby shrubs is not close to the instruments; distance of AWS should be at least 4 times the height of obstruction  No obstruction can cast shadows during the greater part of the day, though brief periods of shadow near sunrise and or sunset are sometimes unavoidable; hence the east-west direction should be identified  Site is accessible from all means of transportation for operation and maintenance  Site should be located in a place truly representative of the natural conditions in the agricultural region  Recipient (DA-RFU-ROS, LGUs, SUCs) is willing to provide observer for manual reading of standard rain gauge and for overseeing the operation and maintenance of installed AWS  With strong GSM signal (e.g. Globe, Smart, Sun)  Not visited by flood annually  No social/right of way problem; if the recipient is not the land owner, usufruct agreement from the owner is mandatory  Security of the site is outmost concern (Lapitan et al., 2017, pp.5-6)

Social Acceptability
Mid

The survey of Lapitan et al. (2017) revealed that farmers still depend on their experiences and mentioned that their predictions of extreme events are not any more accurate. Despite this, farmers still depend on any forecast to plant and to decide on crop insurance (p.17). For agricultural technicians/extensionists, information from AWS are barely used as majority still refer to climate information from PAGASA through TV/radio or through DA to make forecast advisories. One reason for not using information from locally installed AWS/rain gauge was that they were not given with the data. On the other hand, when the Municipal Agricultural Offices (MAOs), DA-RFOs, and Agricultural Extensionists/Technicians were asked, the climate data gathered from the AWS/Agromet/rain gauges were mostly used by farmers and fisherfolks, and the MAO. Users also include MDRRMO, the academe. students, private agencies, OPAG, PCIC, and BSWM. (Lapitan et al., 2017, p.13)

Environmental Impact
N/A

Implementing this climate change solution does not have direct environmental impacts.

Mitigation co-benefit

Most of the AWS of PAGASA and DA are solar-powered. A total of 191 have been installed all over the Philippines (Lapitan et al., 2017).

Keywords

automatic weather station, climate data, weather change, weather forecasts

References

Chandra, A., Dargusch, P., McNamara, K. E., Caspe, A. M., and Dalabajan, D. (2017). A study of climate-smart farming practices and climate-resiliency field schools in Mindanao, the Philippines. World Development, 98, 214–230. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.028 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X17301390
Ghosh, M., Singh, J., Sekharan, S.,Ghosh, S., Zope, Karmakar, S. (2021). Rationalization of automatic weather stations network over a coastal urban catchment: A multivariate approach. Atmospheric Research.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105511
Lapitan, A., Rola, A., Alvarez, M., Cervantes, C., Bayacag, P., Lizada, J., Manzano, J., Espinosa, T., Jimenez, F., Pungtilan, D., and Tabanyag, R. (2017). State of the Art of Climate Information System in the Philippines. Working Paper No. 2017-04. Center for Strategic Planning and Policy Studies: Laguna. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/cspps_working_paper_2017-04.pdf